Opioid

What Are They and Where Do They Come From?

Opioids are a class of drugs originally derived from the opium poppy plant. They include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic substances like morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, and heroin. Historically used for pain relief in surgery and terminal illness, opioids are now at the center of a widespread addiction crisis due to their high potential for misuse.

What Do They Look Like and How Are They Used?

Prescription opioids come in pill, capsule, liquid, or patch form, while illegal opioids like heroin appear as white or brown powders or a sticky black tar. They are swallowed, injected, snorted, or smoked depending on the form and user's intent.

How Do They Affect the Body?

Opioids work by binding to receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking pain and producing a euphoric “high.” They also slow breathing, heart rate, and brain activity, leading to a sense of calm and sedation.

Overdose Risks

An overdose can cause breathing to slow or stop entirely, leading to brain damage or death. Synthetic opioids like fentanyl are extremely potent—even a tiny dose can be fatal. Naloxone (Narcan) can reverse overdoses if administered quickly.

Long-Term Risks

• Physical and psychological dependence

• Increased pain sensitivity

• Depression and anxiety

• Risk of HIV/hepatitis from injection use

• Social isolation and financial distress

• Death from overdose